President Woodrow Wilson s Speech - 1160 Words

Throughout the semester Joseph Nye’s signature concepts of ‘hard’ and ‘soft’ power have been analyzed amongst the backdrop of U.S. foreign relations. ‘Hard power’ is the use of â€Å"coercion i.e. military and economic means to influence the behavior of other political bodies† (Hudson). This contrasts to ‘Soft power’ which is the use of â€Å"attraction to produce desired foreign policy results [by focusing] on three key resources: culture, political values, and foreign policies† (Hudson). Through the wielding and usage of the tools of ‘soft power’ ideas about U.S. values and culture have been able to attract partners and support to Washington without the use of force and/or threat of further war and atrocity. Due to this fact it appears ‘soft power’ is more integral to influencing foreign relations, especially when considering the effects of actions such as President Woodrow Wilsonâ₠¬â„¢s establishment of a Committee on Public Information, President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s Four Freedoms Speech, and President Harry Truman’s support for the Marshall Plan. The first key resource of ‘soft power,’ culture, can be addressed when speaking to the establishment of the Committee on Public Information (CPI) by President Woodrow Wilson on April 13, 1917 in order to usher support for U.S. participation in World War I. Headed by George Creel, the CPI was a model of public mobilization tasked with presenting the â€Å"absolute selflessness of America’s aims,† through the use of â€Å"mass media to call uponShow MoreRelatedWoodrow Wilson s President Of The United States1476 Words   |  6 PagesThomas Woodrow Wilson was the 18th President of the United States. He is well known as the President who led our nation through the First World War Wilson also happens to be well remembered through Wilson’s famous Fourteen Points. Presid ent Wilson had also led America through important events on the domestic front and in her foreign affairs. Almost every American has heard of President Thomas Woodrow Wilson as his legacy is still seen in America today as all his choices had a significant effect onRead MoreWoodrow Wilson Speech Outline1344 Words   |  6 PagesPurpose: To introduce Woodrow Wilson Introduction Open with impact: From a house filled with strong republican representatives, Woodrow Wilson showed his clear dominance by winning the election of 1913 and switching the house to the mainly democrats. With his zeal to accomplish world peace, Woodrow did everything in his power, even if it involved extreme health risks, to achieve this colossal goal. With his collegial mind set and expertise in delivering speeches, Wilson was bound for a successfulRead MoreWorld War I And The United Policy Of Strict Neutrality931 Words   |  4 PagesU.S. President Woodrow Wilson discusses the aims of the United States in World War I and outlines his famous â€Å"Fourteen Points† for achieving a lasting peace in Europe. The Fourteen Points is a blueprint for world peace that was to be used for peace negotiations after World War I, elucidated in a January 8, 1918, speech on war aims and peace terms by U.S. President Woodrow Wilson. There are few speeches in history that influenced the world in the way Woodrow Wilson s Fourteen Points speech did. AsRead MoreA Progressive Southerner Named Woodrow Wilson1473 Words   |  6 Pages1912, a progressive southerner named Woodrow Wilson was elected to be the next President of the United States. Halfway through his first term, Europe erupted into a violent conflict known as World War I. This conflict would pose a major dilemma for the President, whose response would affect not only United States future, but that of the entire world. Would the President ask Congress to go to war, or would he promote a stance of neutrality? At first, Wilson championed the support for neutralityRead More Woodrow Wilson and World War I Essay983 Words   |  4 Pages What role di d Woodrow Wilson have in World War I? Woodrow Wilson, our 23rd president, became involved in a war that he did not want any part of. Wilson wanted to remain neutral and have peace as in his first term of office. During World War I Wilson’s roles in the war became well known in all countries. Wilson wanted peace more than anything else. In seeking for peace Wilson asked Congress for the U.S. to enter World War I. which may not sound like a peace strategy but Wilson felt it was the onlyRead MorePresident Woodrow Wilson Was Not Pro War1415 Words   |  6 Pages World War I was probably history’s worst catastrophe, and U.S. President Woodrow Wilson was substantially responsible for the unintended consequences of the war. In 1916, President Wilson narrowly won re-election after campaigning on the slogan, He kept us out of war; unbeknownst to the country, Wilson’s slogan would not remain true. Although the U.S. played a significant military role only during the last six months of the war, Wilson’s great mistake of joining the war costRead MoreThe United States and World War I Essay1703 Words   |  7 PagesA. Plan of the Investigation When the First World War erupted in Europe on July 28, 1914; President Woodrow Wilson formally proclaimed that the United States would remain neutral on August 4, 1914. However, the United States did not stick to this proclamation, and eventually became involved in the war efforts. This investigation aims to evaluate the reasons the United States violated their neutrality in order to join the war. In inquiring into the reasons of the United States’ entry into the warRead MoreWoodrow Wilson s War Message1405 Words   |  6 Pages Woodrow Wilson s War Message A Rhetorical Analysis Paper Cesar Gerardo Fragoso Texas AM International University Abstract On April 2, 1917, President Wilson wrote and spoke one of his famous speech: War Message. President Wilson wants to ensure the people s hope and faith from the war. As President Wilson (1917) stated in his speech Each nation must decide for itself how it will meet it... Our motive will not be revenge or the victorious assertion of the physical might of the nation, but onlyRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1912888 Words   |  4 PagesThe presidential election of 1912 was fought amongst four major candidates. Woodrow Wilson was brought up by his father, a Presbyterian minister, and his mother, daughter of a Presbyterian minister brought up Woodrow Wilson. He was president of Princeton University and governor of New Jersey. He represented the Democratic Party and had a combination of high morality and high-minded detachment. Eugene Debs was a well-known Socialist and union man for the Fireman’s Brotherhood and American RailroadRead MoreComparing and Contrasting the Careers, Views and Accomplishments of William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson1354 Words   |  6 PagesComparing and Contrasting the Careers, Views and Accomplishments of William Jennings Bryan and Woodrow Wilson Two very influential men, Thomas Woodrow Wilson, born 1856, and William Jennings Bryan, born 1860 came onto the scene at one of the most critical points in American history. Thomas Woodrow Wilson was what you would call a late bloomer, yet in his later years that late bloom turned out to be a remarkable blossom. In other words, the impact he had on human society was colossal. William

Graduation Speech High School Sports - 1203 Words

High school sports are like no other experience in adolescence. Christina had come to learn this after making the varsity soccer team her sophomore year. This was something she had worked very hard for, and had no expectation for the great memories she received from this this privilege. Having seen all of the movies about the game winning basket that made every kid in school know their name, she had decided that she would try out for the high school girls’ basketball team. Daunting, but at the same time a glorious triumph if she did prove herself. After realizing that she was not as experienced as many of the other girls her age, making the team would mean an automatic climb on the social ladder of high school, and allow her to say that her hard work payed off even next to the  ¨best of the best. ¨ It was 6 a.m on a saturday morning, she was huffing and puffing while her free runs rolled on across the cold pavement. She knew that after a few weeks off, getting in shape wou ld be one of the hardest parts. From a soccer field to a basketball court, from her feet to her hands, she knew she had a lot of work to do. Everyday after school it escalated from 10, to 15, to 50, to nearly 100 jump shots, free throws, and long hours with her former-all star, three sport athlete of a father. He had high expectations for her and she knew that he wanted her to make the team more than she did. â€Å"Fix your elbow. Jump higher. Box out.† Correcting her on every mistake, he wanted to live the highShow MoreRelatedWhat Makes A School Great? Essay1165 Words   |  5 PagesWhat makes a school great? Could it be the integration with technology? How about the records of its sports teams? Many schools consider these aspects before anything else when making plans to advance their schools; however, there is more to a school than its athletics and technology. It really depends on the school’s way of teaching the students, and how the students approach education. Columbia City High School must emphasize academics through activities such as Speech and Debate, de-emphasizeRead MoreEssay on Academia vs. Athleticism1100 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom when they are in elementary school. Some may mention they want to be doctors, nurses, and artists while others answer â€Å"I want to be famous.† There is no bigger dream among childhood sports than making it into a professional league. Those children feel a little bit of exposure will be enough to open the door and answer their prayers of stardom. The instructions are well known even among some of the youngest of players. They just need to play well in high school, then accept an athletic scholarshipRead MoreSports and Academic Achievement1494 Words   |  6 Pagesmanagement. We will be looking at studies that have explored the impact that athletics has on students’ academic abilities. Academic success can be measured in many ways but we will explore grade point averages, math and English test scores, and graduation success rates to show the positive impact athletics has on a student’s academic abilities. Introduction Participating in athletics offers students the opportunity to learn valuable lessons they can use for the rest of their lives. SomeRead MoreAnalysis Of Graduation By Maya Angelou766 Words   |  4 Pagesyour life that teaches you a lesson for us in order to win the journey of our life. In the essay, Graduation, Maya Angelou states about the unfair treatment of whites against the African Americans during the graduation. There are situations in life where we feel discriminated but no matter what we have to gain the strength to prosper. In this article, Angelou talks about her eight-grade graduation experience. Angelou mainly focused about the unfair treatment of African Americans during that timeRead MoreGraduation Speech : College Admissions1424 Words   |  6 PagesDuring a typical high school graduation, speeches are given by a select few, notable students. These notable students normally include the two students who earned the highest grade point averages out of all the students in their graduating class - the valedictorian and the salutatorian. Imagine a graduation, however, with no valedictorian or salutatorian speech. Imagine if there was no valedictorian or salutatorian. Imagine if there was no distinction of students academic performance during commencementRead MoreGraduation Speech : High School934 Words   |  4 Pageslife would be graduation. For many people, graduating from high school is an objective. It takes a lot of time, effort, and determination to accomplish that goal. For others graduation i s the end of high school, and the beginning of a new chapter in life. When graduated people feel as if adulthood has begun. In the long run, graduating opens a lot of opportunities for people to thrive. I can almost reminisce the day as if it was yesterday. I was sitting in bed like any other school day. It seemedRead MoreLanguage as a Tool in Maya Angelous quot;graduationquot; Essay688 Words   |  3 Pages In Maya Angelous Essay `Graduation the use of language as a navigational tool is very evident, as it leads from emotion to emotion on the occasion of the authors graduation from eighth grade. Over the course of the work, Angelou displays 3 major emotions simply based from the language she uses; excitement, disappointment and finally, redemption The beginning of this work focuses on speaking of excitement and joy due to the upcoming eighth grade graduation, The children in Stamps trembledRead MoreClassification Essay Students682 Words   |  3 Pages Thirteen years of school prepare students for the next major steps of their lives. Every student faces many struggles and frustrations before graduation day arrives. One may be able to surmise a few details about a student before they put pencil to paper or even speak. One can also make assumptions about a student based on his or her seating position. Motivation, determination, and concentration will establish a student’s amount of success. The three categories of high school students are underachieversRead MoreMy Dad Had A Chronic Breathing Disorder842 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"My boy is about to be a college freshman† my dad said, looking at Johan put on his cap and gown before his graduation. â€Å"I remember there were times I felt, I’d never see thi s day† he proclaimed. My dad had a chronic breathing disorder. Our family doctor has said he probably has died in his sleep many of times and didn’t realize it. It was a scary thing. I hoped I’d never have to be with him alone because I didn’t want him to croak on me. I was too young to see that. I heard those type deaths replayedRead MoreGraduation Speech : My Fellow Brothers And Sisters854 Words   |  4 PagesGraduation speech My fellow brothers and sisters. High school is reaching its end, We are no longer children of the school. We will all still remember the blood that flows through us as tk trojans. We take pride in our tradition. As we move to the next step in our lives whether it be college or elsewhere i pray that it takes us to a good future. For the athletes i hope you had the best seasons possible. Im sure we have all had a rocky road throughout high school or even in elementary. But i am

Diary of an Eating Disorder Free Essays

The Book of Chelsea Browning Smith entitled â€Å"Diary of an Eating Disorder†. A mother and daughter share their healing journey greatly helped my outlook on eating disorders. This book also contains some compiled diaries of her in adolescent stage of her life. We will write a custom essay sample on Diary of an Eating Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now All along I thought that these were all just ordinary diseases that most women undergoes but as I read through the book, it exposes that it is more than having a problem with regards to foods but it is more on the emotional aspect. Everyday of every year many women becomes victims of these diseases due to emotional instability. Emotional instability may be cause by some aspects that most women sees everyday, may it be in terms of physical attributes they see perceive that are more acceptable towards the society, their families and most of all their loved ones. We can really never judge someone who is undergoing these disorders, namely anorexia and bulimia. She was very much open to everything that her openness helped the readers realized the goodness of God. I really appreciated her transparency with regards to this matter. It is a fact that many of the women nowadays are fighting this dilemma and as humans we need someone to hold on to, to regain our confidence and strength. Every word in the book just depicts what exactly a normal human being feels. We all know that anorexia and bulimia nervosa has received a great deal of attention in the popular media in recent years. This disorder is listed under the category of disorders of childhood or adolescence in DSM-III. Anorexia consists of extreme weight loss due to a reduction in eating. It occurs most frequently in female adolescents; only about 1 in 10 people with anorexia are male. The disorder is believed to be rate, but one study found an incidence of 1 case out of 200 adolescent girls. The person often has major problems in self-esteem and concerns about physical appearance. Weight reduction may be one way for the person to feel in control of her or his behavior, and to improve self-esteem. However, for anorexics, dieting gets out of hand. They develop an unreasonable fear of eating, and often suppress hunger by engaging in repetitive activity such as frequent exercising. When anorexics must eat because others (e. g. , parent) demand it, they often will induce vomiting after meals to get rid of the food ingested. At the other end of the spectrum from obesity is anorexia nervosa, an eating disorder associated with self-imposed starvation. The already underweight person continues to restrict food intake, often to the point where death is a genuine concern. One of the most distinguishing traits of people who have anorexia nervosa is that they do not see themselves as thin. When they look in a mirror, they actually perceive themselves to be overweight or gaining weight. In the latter case they may go out and jog 5 miles or stay up all night jumping jacks. The resulting weight loss and attendant physical stress often lead to an absence of menstruation among females, and the person may look pallid and gaunt. Having this overview in mind, I really can relate towards her feelings. It was not easy to experience the disorder but she managed to overcome and succeed her weakness. The book just touches the very heart and soul of the readers, especially those that are experiencing the same disorder. This book somehow gives them hope that as long as they have God and they have the will to overcome it, and then truly they will succeed. The book will really make you cry knowing how she struggled so much and knowing this, those who are also suffering these disorders will be strengthened in such a way that they know that they are not alone, that they are not the only one who is experiencing such troubled times. The author also believes that faith is a very important ingredient especially when are in tough times. It is through faith that we can be able to surpass all the waves that are before us. As adolescents, Chelsea emphasizes the importance of having a relationship with the Almighty. Through that relationship we have in Him, we would not feel any pressures and insecurities at all because we see ourselves as precious creatures and beloved masterpieces of God, knowing these in mind we would do our best to take care of ourselves. The author’s choices of words acts as a medicine or a healing ointment that helps those who in bondage will be freed and will no longer be enslaved by self inflicted hurts and hatred. She was so brave; I salute her for her courage. It is not that easy to tell the struggles, troubles and hurts one has experienced but Smith stood up. Through her braveness many people were blessed and also encouraged. Smith and Runyon have done a wonderful deed when this book was published. The book is very point blank. Each detail that Smith exposes when she suffered anorexia and bulimia for two years was so vivid that all readers could clearly feel the intense emotions behind it. It is somewhat a living testimony that because of what Smith has undergone she has become a dignified and composed woman that she is right now. The book also shows how successful and happy Chelsea was but no one knew what was really happening within her, all her hatred, struggles and frustrations that eventually lead to her eating disorders that eventually she was able to recover. Her recovery also gave the readers joy as she survive the travails, the readers will really be able to relate with the whole book. Smith tells in her book everything that she felt at the different episodes of her struggle with the eating disorder. She shared in this book the treatments she had and how she felt with the process. Chelsea’s perseverance was so great that anyone who reads the book will really be blessed and encouraged by this life changing material. Reference: 1. Smith, Chelsea Runyon, Beverly. (1998). Diary of an Eating Disorder: A Mother and Daughter Share Their Healing Journey. Taylor Publishing, New York. How to cite Diary of an Eating Disorder, Papers

Consumer Protection free essay sample

Consumer protection laws are designed to ensure fair competition and the free flow of truthful information in the marketplace. The laws are designed to prevent businesses that engage in fraud or specified unfair practices from gaining an advantage over competitors and may provide additional protection for the weak and those unable to take care of themselves. Consumer Protection laws are a form of government regulation which aim to protect the interests of consumers. For example, a government may require businesses to disclose detailed information about products—particularly in areas where safety or public health is an issue, such as food. Consumer protection is linked to the idea of consumer rights (that consumers have various rights as consumers), and to the formation of consumer organizations which help consumers make better choices in the marketplace. Consumer is defined as someone who acquires goods or services for direct use or ownership rather than for resale or use in production and manufacturing. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer Protection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page [1] Consumer interests can also be protected by promoting competition in the markets which directly and indirectly serve consumers, consistent with economic efficiency, but this topic is treated in Competition law. Consumer protection can also be asserted via non-government organizations and individuals as consumer activism. Consumer law Consumer protection law or consumer law is considered an area of law that regulates private law relationships between individual consumers and the businesses that sell those goods and services. Consumer protection covers a wide range of topics, including but not necessarily limited to product liability, privacy rights, unfair business practices, fraud, misrepresentation, and other consumer/business interactions. Such laws deal with credit repair, debt repair, product safety, service and sales contracts, bill collector regulation, pricing, utility turnoffs, consolidation, personal loans that may lead to bankruptcy and much more. The Consumer Protection Act, 1986 The Act enshrines all the consumers rights which are internationally accepted. As per the Act, the consumer protection councils have been established at Central, State and District levels to promote and protect the consumer rights. They are: * Right to Safety: To be protected against the sale of goods and services which are spurious/hazardous for the life. * Right to Information: To know the quality, quantity, weight and the price of goods/services being paid for, so that one is not cheated by unfair trade practices. * Right to Choose: To be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods and services at competitive prices. * Right to be Heard: To be heard and to be assured that the interest would receive due consideration at appropriate fora. Right to Seek Redressal: To seek legal redressal against unfair or restrictive trade practices or exploitation. * Right to Consumer Education: To have access to consumer education. At present there are 35 State Commissions, one in each State/UT and 571 district forum besides the National Commission. The state governments are responsible to set up the district forum and the State Commissions. States have been empowered to establish additional District Forum an d also additional members in the State Commission to facilitate constituting benches and also for holding circuit benches. The Central Government is required to set up the National Commission. It has been empowered to appoint additional members to facilitate creation of more benches and holding of circuit benches. The second bench of the National Commission started functioning from 24 September 2003. The government is monitoring the disposal of cases by the consumer courts through National Commission. Since its inception and up to March 2004, 32,910 cases were filed out of which 24,974 cases disposed of in the National Commission. Similarly 3,01,485 cases were filed and 1,97,797 cases disposed of in the State Commissions and 18,86,236 cases were filed and 16,46,698 cases disposed of in the district forum. Overall 18,69,469 cases have been disposed of out of 22,20,631 cases filed with a remarkable disposal rate of 84. 2 per cent. The government has declared 24 December as National Consumer Day, since the President gave his assent on that day to the enactment of the historic Consumer Protection Act, 1986. Besides this, 15 March is observed as World Consumer Rights Day every year. .

Kinds of Poetry Flashcard

Kinds of Poetry

Limitations of International law in protecting human rights essays

Limitations of International law in protecting human rights essays The term International Law refers to the principles and rules of conduct that nations regard as binding and, therefore, are expected to and usually do conform to, in their relations with one another and their conduct toward their own people. The chief rights recognized in international law correlate to human rights. Fundamental Human rights include: protection against slavery, the right to self-determination (determining your own fate), freedom from torture, freedom of thought, and the right to be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. Now many human rights are protected by international law, but the question of how effective it is, is itself questionable. While nations choose to participate in international law, it is extremely effective. However, the second when a nation feels it neednt adopt an international agreement, such as when Israel failed to ratify the U.N Convention for the Ban on Torture, then very little can be done. Even when a nation has signed an agreement (which she is under no obligation to do) there is virtually no way the international community can ensure that it abides by the agreement. An international judicial organ exists (International Court of Justice), but its powers are limited by the concept of state sovereignty. Which is to say a nation has the authority of being independent and in charge of the conditions in which it choose to live. In this case, the sovereign right not to part take in a court case which would potentially deem it guilty of refusing rights to its citizens, however, even then there is no way to force the verdict on the guilty party. In addition, the formal process for regular review of human rights in states is a self-reporting system in which the state in expected to disclose all abuses. However, as one can imagine no nation would want to incriminate themselves, and taint their image in the international community by doing so. Consequently, most abuses go unreported an ...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Summary - Essay Example Ordinarily, the aim of the justice system is to curb crime. For youth offenders, the phrase nip at the bud is more appropriate. However, when these youth offenders go through adult courts and end up in adult prisons the result does not reflect curbing crime. Schiraldi and Ziedenberg report that minors tried in the adult courts tend to regress back to crime compared to those tried by juvenile courts. Studies also show that; all states that allow state prosecutors the discretion to send youth to adult court have higher juvenile crime rates than those that do not. For instance, Florida’s juvenile crime rate is 48% higher than the national average (Hickey, 2012). This crime rates are high because the process of rehabilitation as reported by Schiraldi and Ziedenberg is not adequate. Studies further show that youth sent to juvenile facilities felt that the experience mitigated their onset of criminal life. This is because, in juvenile facilities, the youth offenders feel that they c an change, and this eases rehabilitation. Also, they viewed the facilities personal as understanding which helped them change their attitudes. On the other hand, youths sent to adult prison reported learning more negative behavior such as how to commit new, more aggressive crimes. In such a scenario, one can conclusively say that prison cultivates ground for future crimes. Secondly, the adult prison personal was not as understanding, and they make inmates feel doomed to a life in prison (Hickey, 2012). In addition to these systemic shortcomings of prisons, there are other dangers that the youth experience while in prison. One of the most common dangers is prison rape. Because of their vulnerable state, youth convicts are subject to sexual abuse by older convicts and even the prison personnel. This sexual abuse leads to psychological trauma and self loathing which is not a favorable environment for positive change. The young offenders also face risks such as attacks with weapons that cause injury or death. The result of the attacks is that the individual becomes aggressive and, thereby, resistant to change. The frustrations the youth experience in prison at such a tender age lead to despair. As such, the suicide rate of youths in prison is 7.7 % higher than in juvenile detention centers (Hickey, 2012). Granted, there are crimes that are gruesome and the prosecution got no choice rather than to refer them to adult courts. However, the studies reported by Schiraldi and Ziedenberg indicate that the crimes sent to adult court are so minor they qualify to be misdemeanors. Most of the suspects have no priors, do not commit violence and acknowledge their wrong doings. An excellent example is the case against Anthony Laster, in Florida. Anthony went through wrenching court proceedings for a one time non violent crime because the prosecution referred him to an adult court. Critiques argue that in other states, his issue was a Principals office matter and not even a juve nile offence (Hickey, 2012). As such, utilizing adult justice system on a delinquent in most instances is like shooting a mosquito with a shot gun! Ryder (2011) views juvenile delinquency as a social problem. He argues that, in the wake of the 21st century, parents and the community want to contribute to the rehabilitation of the

Old School Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Old School Research - Essay Example There are several forms, which land pollution can occur. This includes spilling of oil, using of farming chemicals, illegal dumping in the natural habitat areas, nuclear accidents and radiation spilling, loitering along the road and damages caused as a result of mining (Best, 31). Land pollution leads to deforestation, destroying the natural habitat that is occupied by wildlife and damages to the natural resources. This result too many negativities such as degradation of the country’s economy. Therefore, people should avoid the possible causes of land pollution. This will result to an attractive, clean environment (Peirce, 64). This is the contamination of water bodies. As a result, it leads to the death of aquatic animals and leads to health complications in human beings. Some of the reasons that are leading to water pollution include, emptying of sewage and dumping of harmful substances to river streams, Waste pills from industries that lead to contamination of underground waters (Best, 65). Others are biologically related such as bacteria cloth and therefore, water should be treated before being consumed. This is the contamination of air by emission of smoke and other harmful gases such as sulphur and nitrogen. Air pollution results to health complications such as asthma. The causes of pollution are nuclear accidents, exhaust fumes emitted by vehicles and the burning of fossil fuels. Improper lighting in communities that result in visibility of stars and planets at night leads to light pollution. These are street lightings shining their light in all directions rather than directing their light towards the streets and the unnecessary lighting in homes. Effects of lighting lead to disrupting the sleeping cycle and corrupt kids curious nature (Peirce, 88). Increasing of temperatures due to human activities leads to thermal pollution. These are the areas with vehicles and concretes or generally, a busy town this can also be

Negotiation paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Negotiation paper - Essay Example The main agenda of this tactic was to ensure the agent could not undermine me. My silence did not give the agent a clue of what I really wanted and the amount I was willing to pay for the property. I adopted the trick so that the seller felt bullied, which made him easily give in to my demands. The buildings were well built, insured and the surrounding environment aesthetically preserved. Early, survey was conducted where the buildings were examined and all documents verified for their validity. Following this, the agent had placed a value of $ 100,000 on the property. My plan was to spend between $ 60,000 and $ 80,000 although I was hoping that my tactics would play a greater role in ensuring that I bargain for lesser pay. It was time for negotiation, but the agent was not himself; he was full of fear and lacked composure. We took a few minutes staring at each other, but I took advantage of the situation and asked him the much he was willing to sell the property. I was focused on ensuring that I stay within my price range. I did not want to be the first person to make the offer because I was certain of its impact on the counter offer. He stated that he was offering the property at $ 85,000. Because the price was within my range, I did not behave in a manner to suggest the offer was favorable to me. I knew that initial offers are considerably unsuccessful as compared to the counter offer individual. The advantage of a first offer occurs when negotiating with an individual with no or less experience; because I have more than four years experience in the sector, I was very confident I would win. To react to my seller’s offer, I gave him a long silent look which in some way threatened him. I asked him if he was certain about the offer,, but in reply he asked me the much I was willing to part with, to be on the safe side, I did not say anything. After a short silence, the agent told me that he was willing to lowers the price from

Principles of the WTO

Principles of the WTO The General exceptions provide a list of measures that countries can enforce. These measures are a necessity [1]to protect basic and fundamental socio-economic and political interests to protect the character and integrity of a nation. The term necessary was discussed by a previous panel albeit in context to article XX (d) and held that a contracting party could not justify a measure inconsistent with GATT as necessary if there were reasonable available alternative measures that were less inconsistent with GATT provisions.[2] Trade liberalization being the fundamental objective of the WTO comes in direct conflict with national policies and interest of member states article XX of GATT provided exceptions that serve as justification for member states to enforce measures for safeguarding their interests. The WTOs founding and guiding principles remain the pursuit of open borders, the guarantee of most-favoured-nation principle and non-discriminatory treatment by and among members, and a commitment to transparency in the conduct of its activities[3]. The pursuit of a free market and open trade creates a conflict of interest on a national and international level. National policies implemented by governments occasionally do not conform to products and ideals of the international market, an example can be seen between western and eastern governments whereas betting as an industry is accepted in most of the countries, Islamic states such as Pakistan do not allow betting and as such foreign investors cannot run gambling businesses as gambling is prohibited under sharia law. What is generally accepted in one geopolitical area is not considered a norm by another state. It then becomes a challenge to maintain a balance between policies that are a governments legitimate objectives and non-discrimination against foreign competition and objectives that are inconsistent with the ideals of free trade.[4] The appellate body in US-Shrimp best summarized this by stating; a balance must be struck between the right of a Member to invoke an exception under Article XX and the duty of that same Member to respect the treaty rights of the other Members[5] Chapeau Article XX consists of a preamble called the chapeau and subsequent subparagraphs. The Chapeau was introduced into the exceptions article of the commercial policy chapter of the draft ITO Charter during the London session of the Preparatory Committee a delegation in the conference suggested that uncertainty in the protection clause is not desirable as it leaves these provisions open to abuse. To prevent abuse this excerpt to article 32[XX] was introduced[6]; The undertakings in Chapter IV of this Charter relating to import and export restrictions shall not be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement by any Member of the following measures, provided that they are not applied in such a manner as to constitute a means of arbitrary discrimination between countries where the same conditions prevail, or a disguised restriction on international trade. The suggestion was generally accepted subject to its review to the wording specifically on whether the scope should be limited to import and export restrictions.[7]The amendments were made and the GATT was signed on the 1947 in Geneva and came into effect in 1948,which eventually led to the Uruguay round agreement establishing the WTO in 1994[8]. The historical map of the chapeau is significant as it highlights its objective. Concisely, the chapeau is in place to prevent abuse of the exceptions under article XX to justify a measure that is inconsistent with the General agreement. The chapeau combats this problem through two requirements that must be met by a member invoking the exception. First a measure provisionally justified under one of the sub-paragraphs of article XX must not be applied in arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination means between countries where the same provisions prevail. This condition involves a prohibition on any measure that has a disproportionate economic impact on products from certain countries when compared to its impact on competitive products from other countries.[9] In Us-Shrimp, the appellate body laid out conditions that must exist for arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination to be established (1) the application of the measure at issue must result in discrimination;(2) this discrimination must be arbitrary or unjustifiable in character; and (3) this discrimination must occur between countries where the same conditions prevail.[10] The Similar conditions test however will in essence fail in instances where the factors relevant to the measure are significantly different. However in US-Shrimp(1998) the Appellate body held that in circumstances where different conditions between countries prevail, the rigid and inflexible application of the measure may constitute and arbitrary discrimination.[11]The second Justification is discretionary in nature, it is independent of the objective in measure. The effect of this dual justification is to enhance the regulatory autonomy of WTO members.[12] Secondly this measure must not be applied in a manner that constitutes a disguised restriction on international trade[13]. This measure is not clear and panels have not been able to find a certain means on clarifying on the same. It is difficult to ascertain the objective of a measure as the Appellate Body found in Japan-Alcoholic Beverages (1996).[14] However in US-Gasoline (1996)[15] the panel held that disguised restriction can be identified when read with arbitrary discrimination and unjustifiable discrimination. The disguised restrictions amount to arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination in international trade when taken under the under the guise of a measure formally within the terms of an exception listed in Article XX.. The test used to determine the presence of Arbitrary or unjustifiable discrimination can be used to identify disguised restrictions. The Panel in EC-Asbestos (2001) stated that a restriction which formally meets the requirements of Article XX(b) will constitute and abuse if such compliance is in fact only a disguise to conceal the pursuit of trade-restrictive objectives.[16] These requirements ensure that members submit substantive legitimate claims that do not prejudice the rights of other members to the treaty. Article XX should not be used as a disguise to abscond from the obligations of the general agreement but as an avenue to maintain the balance between rights and obligations of the members to the General agreement. Article XX reflects on the principle of good faith. It ensures fair dealings are undertaken through the obligations of the general agreement. It instils a sense of Duty on the members to respect each others rights while giving them an avenue to further their objectives on a national level[17]. However despite the attempts to limit abuse of the provision, the general exceptions have become the subject of most WTO disputes. In US-Gasoline (1996) the appellate body stated the exceptions under article XX can be invoked as a matter of legal right, however caution should be taken in its use. The exception should not be used in a manner that frustrates the legal obligations of the holder in the General agreement. The provision must be applied reasonably with due regard to the party claiming the exception and the legal rights of the other parties concerned[18]. From the above analysis, the Chapeau was introduced as a firewall. It provides a legal justification for measures that meet the requirements listed in it. The application of the same becomes a subject of dispute as it is difficult to satisfy all the members due to conflicting interests. The Appellate body in US-Shrimp year?addressed the ideal means of application by stating; The task of interpreting and applying the chapeau is, hence, essentially the delicate one of locating and marking out a line of equilibrium between the right of a Member to invoke an exception under Article XX and the rights of the other Members under varying substantive provisions (e.g., Article XI) of the GATT 1994, so that neither of the competing rights will cancel out the other and thereby distort and nullify or impair the balance of rights and obligations constructed by the Members themselves in that Agreement. The location of the line of equilibrium, as expressed in the chapeau, is not fixed and unchanging; the line moves as the kind and the shape of the measures at stake vary and as the facts making up specific cases differ. The chapeau should be used as a balancing provision, on one hand it provides a right for members to invoke an exception to protect their National interests and on the other hand it should ensure members meet their obligations. The margin that separates the two is not fixed, it is based on the circumstances of each case. An objective? Approach is taken considering the prevailing conditions of each case to ensure the appropriate equilibrium is maintained. Article XX can be invoked by a member when a measure has been found to be inconsistent with another GATT provision, this will be a justification of the inconsistency and will have to be backed with evidence to disprove the claim. Article XX can be construed to be an Omnibus Clause as it covers all provisions in the GATT 1947.The wording of the preamble, reflects the same nothing in this agreement shall be construed to prevent the adoption or enforcement of measuresà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ In US-Section337 Tariff Act (1989) stated that measures satisfying the conditions set out in article XX are permitted even if they are inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1947.Article XX however provides limited and conditional exceptions listed in the respective sub paragraphs inconsistent with another provision of the General agreement.[19]The conditional limitations serve two functions, first they are necessary to maintain a balance between obligations under GATT and National Policies, and secondly they prevent abuse of the obligations under the guise of protectionism[20]. Article XX can be invoked by a member only when a measure by that member has been found to be prima farcie[21] inconsistent with another provision the complaining party has to submit sufficient evidence supporting this claim, the burden then shifts to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim. The burden of proof to show that a measure has been violated lies with the party invoking it in Canada Import, Distribution and Sale of Certain Alcoholic Drinks by Provincial Marketing Agencies [22] and the 1994 report in United States Measures Affecting the Importation, Internal Sale and Use of Tobacco[23] In the former the panel concluded that with the exception of the listing and delisting of practices in Ontario, the United States had not substantiated its claim that Canada still maintained listing and delisting practices inconsistent with Article XI of the General Agreement. The latter In view of the Panels analysis, the Panel considered that the evidence did not support the complainants claim that the DMAs penalty provisions were separate taxes or charges within the meaning of Article III:2 furthermore the Panel concluded that the evidence did not demonstrate that Section 1106(c), Fees for Inspecting Imported Tobacco, mandated action inconsistent with Article VIII:1(a) of GATT 1947. Both cases reflect the Panels Jurisprudential approach on the burden of proof in which previous and subsequent panels have maintained that the burden of proof rests on the party making a complaint, the burden then shift to the defending party that has to provide evidence to disprove this claim.   Jurisprudence from the AB has laid down a two-tier test for the application of Article XX in a dispute. In US Gasoline 1996 the Appellate Body established the two-tier test involved a provisional justification by reason of characterization of the measure and appraisal of the same measure under the introductory clauses of Article XX[24] First, a Panel has to consider whether the respective measure falls within the scope of subparagraphs (a) to (j) In AB report in Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beej [25]; The Panel focussed on whether the dual retail system is necessary to ensure compliance with the law under the Unfair competition Act which on the face of it was inconsistent with provisions of the WTO. It examined enforcement measures where fraudulent misrepresentation has occurred and found that the dual retail system was not used. Instead Korea used a traditional enforcement system which was reasonably available and as such it could not fall under Article XX (d) and as such could not justify the dual retail system as a necessity under Article XX (d).A measure has to be within the scope of Article XX for it to be enforceable. The second test is whether a measure meets the requirements of the chapeau under article XX, and was necessary to achieve the respective objective. In AB report in European Communities Measures Affecting Asbestos and Asbestos-Containing Products[26]; The AB disagreed with the panels findings that considering the evidence relating to health risks associated with the product, under Article III: 4 nullifies the effect of Article XX (d) of GATT, It however held that Article XX (d) allows members to adopt and enforce a measure, Inter alia necessary to protect human life and health although that measure is inconsistent with another provision. Under Article III:4, evidence relating to health risks may be relevant in assessing the competitive relationship in the marketplace between allegedly like products. The same, or similar, evidence serves a different purpose under Article XX (b), namely, that of assessing whether a Member has a sufficient basis for adopting or enforcing a WTO-inconsistent measure on the grounds of human health. This ruling sheds light on the authority of article XX in GATT, if a measure satisfies the requirement of the chapeau and is inconsistent with another article in the Agreement, a member will be able to adopt and enforce a measure to achieve the objective that is, in this case to protect, human life. The end justifies the means. Articles under GATT should be interpreted independently and with respect to the relevant provision. The AB held that provisions satisfy the article XX if they are necessary to adopt and enforce a necessary measure under Article XX (a)-(j)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. It is a generally accepted principle of interpretation that exceptions are to be interpreted narrowly under the principle of (singular non sunt extendena)[27]however the Appellate Body has adopted a flexible approach in EC-Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones) 1998, the Appellate Body stated that characterizing a treaty provision a an exception does not justify a stricter or narrower interpretation of that provision[28]. Jurisprudence shows that ABs have adopted a less restrictive approach in a way that balances between commitments and exceptions. This approach takes after the ordinary meaning of interpreting treaties where a treaty shall be interpreted in good faith and in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to the terms of the treaty in their context and in light of its object and purpose[29]. This Approach was used in the US Gasoline (1996) and US-Shrimp (1998) where the panel stated that: the context of article XX (g) includes provisions of the rest of the General Agreement including particular Article .conversely, the context of Articlesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ includes Article XX, accordingly, the phrase @relating to the conservation of exhaustible natural resources may not be read so expansively as seriously to subvert the purpose and object of Article II: 4.Not may Article III:4 be given so broad a reach as effectively to emasculate Article XX (g) and the policies and interest it embodies. The relationship between the affirmative commitments set out in e.g. Articles I,II and XI, and the policies and interests embodied in the General Exceptions listed in Article XX, can be given meaning within the framework of the General Agreement and its object and purpose by a treaty interpreter on a case-to-case basis, by careful scrutiny of the factual and legal context in a given dispute, without disregarding the words actually used by the WTO members themselves to express their inten t and purpose[30]. The approach taken by the AB entails to maintain a balance between it then takes various factor in consideration, first it aims to facilitate the fundamental WTO objective of trade liberalization, second balancing member interests, General rules of interpretation, which inter alia include giving light to the context and meaning of the preamble. SCOPE As discussed earlier on, it is clear that article XX is a universal exception and the scope of application is broad. Article XX unlike other exceptions is not interpreted in the strict and narrow sense.[31] The main question that has arisen is whether article XX can be used to justify inconsistencies with obligations set out in Agreements other than GATT 1994.[32] To understand this scope of article XX in this context it is essential to understand its historical objective. During the GATT negotiations, the negotiators took the a la carte approach, which meant that members could not choose particular items but had to take everything that was offered, in contrast, during the Uruguay rounds the negotiators introduced the single undertaking approach, where membership of the WTO was made contingent on accepting all treaties as a package.[33]The members had to Join all agreements administered by the WTO[34].The aim of the shift was to consolidate disciplines negotiated in earlier rounds to all WTO members. The single undertaking idea is ingrained in the WTO ideology, it was introduced to curb fragmentation of international agreements (a La Carte).as a consequence all agreements under annex 1A of the WTO Charter were consolidated to into one document, the WTO Charter. There is no express provision in the GATT 1947 or any of the agreements under annex 1A that shows a correlation between the two. However in the event of a conflict between the two the latter shall take precedence. Lex specialis agreements take precedence over Lex generalis agreements[35]. The ambiguity on this contentious issue was shown in the AB report United States -Measures relating to shrimp from Thailand (DS343), United states-Customs Bond Directive for merchandise subject to Anti-Dumping/countervailing Duties[36]. India raised a valid point by questioning whether a defence under Article xx (d) was available to the United States to justify a measure found to constitute a specific action against dumping under Anti-Dumping agreement. The panel answered this by stating we do not express a view on the question of whether a defence under Article XX (d) of the GATT 1994 was available to the United States. The panel failed to give a definitive answer. However most recently in the in China-Publications and Audio-visual products[37] China invoked Article XX (a) to Justify the inconsistent trading rights commitments in paragraph 5.1 of Chinas Accession protocol. As in the Case of the US-Customs Bond directive[38] the panel decided to first measure whether the measures met the requirements of Article XX (d) rather than expressly on the availability of Article XX as a defence. However the Appellate Body did provide a definitive answer and criticized the panels reliance on the arguendo in answering the  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   in question.[39] The Body observed that the provisions that China seeks to justify have a clearly discernible, objective link to Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products. In the light of this relationship between provisions of Chinas measures that are inconsistent with Chinas trading rights commitments, and Chinas regulation of trade in the relevant products, we find that China may rely upon the introductory clause of paragraph 5.1 of its Accession Protocol and seek to justify these provisions as necessary to protect public morals in China, within the meaning of Article XX (a) of the GATT 1994.In light of the above China could rely on Article XX to Justify measures in a WTO agreement other than GATT 1994 in this case, Chinas accession Protocol. Specific Exceptions under Article XX of the GATT 1994 Subparagraphs (a)-(j) of Article XX lists detailed and specified exceptions for measures inconsistent with other provisions of GATT 1994.The specified exceptions provide a comprehensive list of grounds[40] that can be used to justify an inconsistent measure. The wording of various terms in the exceptions denotes a difference objective. As analysed in US-Gasoline the appellate Body stated that: In enumerating the various categories of governmental acts, laws or regulations which WTO Members may carry out or promulgate in pursuit of differing legitimate state policies or interests outside the realm of trade liberalization, Article XX uses different terms in respect of different categories. It does not seem reasonable to suppose that the WTO Members intended to require, in respect of each and every category, the same kind or degree of connection or relationship between the measure under appraisal and the state interest or policy sought to be promoted or realized. Each and every subparagraph enjoys a certain amount of autonomy, in this respect they serve a different purpose and as such should be interpreted in their ordinary meaning in accordance with the general rules of interpretation. Article XX (a) On the offset, the issue of public morals and international trade proves to be a problematic. Public morals differ between states, the relativity is bound to conflict with norms and rules set out in international practice. Article XX(a) as an exemption is designed to allow a nation to participate in the international trade while preserving certain aspects of its sovereignty over its domestic, political and legal order.[41]It is a provision that maintains self-preservation. The issue of public morals invites a sense of ambiguity, broadening its scope of application, it becomes important to underline a basis for an interpretation of its meaning within the context of international trade. The problem is there have been few decisions and scholarly articles touching on this exception.[42] In US-Gambling (2005) the stated that the term public morals denotes standards of right and wrong conduct maintained by or on behalf of a community or nation, the content of the concept of public morals can vary from member to member, depending upon a range of factors, including prevailing social, cultural ,ethical and religious values and members should be given some scope to define and apply for themselves the concept of public morals in their respective territories, according to their own systems and scales of values. This definition was adopted by the panel in China-Publications and Audio-visual products (2010). The panel then set the ground work for a GATT inconsistent measure to be justified under Article XX(a) it stated the measure must be designed to protect public morals and necessary to fulfil the that policy objective.[43] The lack of jurisprudence with this article is bound to create problems in the future. It is clear that it is impossible to set a baseline for what is morally right or wrong. This exception is solely aimed at maintaining the sovereign integrity of a member. Article XX (b) The scope of paragraph XX (b) is not definitive however it is clear that sanitary and phytosanitary measures were the principal measures that occupied the minds of the drafters[44]This is clear in the Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures (the Sps Agreement) where the preamble states; Preamble to the Sps Agreement that refers to Article xx (b): Desiring therefore to elaborate rules for the application of the provisions of GATT 1994 which relate to the use of sanitary or phytosanitary measures, in particular the provisions of Article xx(b) This article concerns measures that are necessary to protect human, animal or plant life or health. Jurisprudence on the application of Article XX (b) relies on three requirements: (i) Whether the policy reflected in the measure falls within the range of policies designed to achieve the objective of protecting human à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ life or health. In other words, whether the measure is one designed to achieve that health policy objective; (ii) whether the measure is necessary to achieve said objective; and (iii) whether the measure is applied in a manner consistent with the chapeau of Article XX.[45] The requirement is relatively straightforward and hasnt created problems with interpretation. The adjudicators must determine if a risk exists and analyse the degree of risk caused by the product[46]. This risk has to have a direct relation to the measures taken, to do this, the Appellate Bodies have examined, the design and structure of the measure and it has become apparent that the measures undertaken to achieve this objective are broad. In Japan-Alcoholic Beverages II the Appellate Body stated: the aim of a measure may not be easily ascertained, nevertheless, its protective application can most often be discerned from the design, the architecture and the revealing structure of a measure[47] In Brazil-Retreaded Tyres (2007), Brazil submitted a claim that the accumulation of waste tyres creates a perfect breeding ground for disease carrying mosquitoes which posed a substantial risk through the transmitting of diseases such as dengue and yellow fever. The accumulation of waste tyres also created the risk of tyre fires and toxic leaching. Brazil argued also argued that the risk posed to animals was high due to mosquito-borne diseases and numerous toxic chemicals and heavy metals contained in the pyrolytic oil released from tyre flames.[48] The panel accepted Brazils argument and concluded that, Brazils Policy of reducing exposure to the risks to human, animal or plant life or health arising from the accumulation of waste tyres falls within the range of policies covered by Article XX (b).[49] The correlation between a measure and a policy can be adduced from the analysis of the objective. Measures that have no subjective relations are often required to fulfil the policy objective on health policies. The scope is broad and can easily invite protective measures under the guise or Article XX (b). Secondly For a measure to fall under the ambit of Article XX (b), has to meet the necessity requirement and meet the requirements of the chapeau.[50] In addition the description of the necessity requirement with respect to the chapeau.[51]However in order understand the necessity requirement within the meaning of Article XX(b) the Appellate body in Brazil-Retreaded[52] tyres stated that, a panel must consider the importance of the interests or values at stake, the extent of the contribution to the achievement of the measures objective and its trade restrictiveness. In this balancing approach, a balance of probabilities taking into account all relevant factors assists the adjudicator reach an appropriate decision. However other texts argue that this is not a balancing or proportionality test, rather it is a reasonable test, whether a reasonable regulator could have adopted the measure it did[53]. This approach is narrow and takes on a defensive approach, I do not agree with this view as it limits the rights of a member to achieve a policy objective. In this situation protection of national interests specifically relating to health policies. The more vital or important the common interests or values pursued, the easier it would be to acc

The Blooding :: essays papers

The Blooding As centeral as the environmentalist issue is to the&lsquo blooding&rsquo is more about a boys painful search for identity. Col&rsquos search for his own identity is a bigger issue it the blooding as he is a very confused teenage boy, who is torn between the community of Cornwall and the greenies. Col was brought up being very protected by his mother. As Col was brought up his mother made sure he had the best of everything. She would knit him all his clothes, like the city children wore and this made him an outsider as the other children in Cornwall would tease him for his clothing, his mother, as she is Irish and a Catholic who goes to church. Col came from a family which was normal for the community of Cornwall. His father worked as a tree logger and in the mill, as his father had and his father had and so on. Col had been horn in hope that he would follow his family foot steps and keep the tradition in the family going, by working in the mill. Col lead a double life - with the gang and the forest. Col would go into the forest and would stay in a special which was called The Palace for hours. His grandfather has shown him this special place in the forest. This Palace was the originally place of the settlement, that Col&rsquos great grand father had been at until a land slide had landed on his great grandfather. The settlement people them moved on, to a new place, which is Cornwall. Which he had visited nearly every day. This also made Col an outsider to the rest of the kids in Cornwall. The thing that transformed Col from an outsider was when he had a fight with Scott (who was the best fighter), and he won the fight. A copper called Golden Gloves, who is the best fighter in Cornwall then asked Col if he wanted him to train him. After the fight Col was accepted by the other boys and was no longer an outsider but a friend on the other kids in Cornwall. Then the greenies arrived to Cornwall, challenging the mills and the logging of the forest. Col has mixed emotions towards this issue.&lsquo Anyway I thought the old was right about the greenies, but I secretly agreed with the greenies about the trees&rsquo. (p.7) This quote shows how Col is confused about what he thinks and wants to think what other people do, but he know that he thinks differently. Col does not want to

Developing the Future of Flight (Aerospace Engineering)

Developing the Future of Flight Aerospace engineering is the field of engineering dealing with the design, development, construction, testing, and operation of vehicles operating in the Earth’s atmosphere or in outer space (Stanzione). Aerospace engineers can work on many different vehicles from aircraft to deep diving vessels to high speed trains. The vast knowledge in aerodynamics, propulsion systems, structural design, materials, avionics, and stability allows them to work on just about anything. To become an aerospace engineer one must complete a bachelor’s degree program, usually in aerospace or aeronautical engineering.Then college graduates must take two examinations and accumulate four years of work experience in order to become a licensed professional engineer (PE). Graduates earn the title of engineer in training (EIT) after completing the first exam, which can be taken any time after schooling is complete. EITs may then begin on-the-job training to further th eir experience and understanding of aeronautical engineering. Once EITs have completed the required experience, the next step would be taking the second exam to become a professional aerospace engineer (education-portal. om). According to engineeringdegrees101. com, the median salary for aerospace engineers in 2011 is $92,000. When one first enters the world of aerospace engineering, one will start out as an aerospace engineer I. This is called the entry level. The average salary for an entry level engineer is $62,213 per year. After one has worked in this field for two to four years, an aerospace engineer II will be the next step up. Anyone at this stage is now considered an intermediate level engineer and will take home an average salary of $84,537 per year.Soon after this promotion comes the next promotion, and aerospace engineer III. At this point people at this level now earn $91,945 per year. After working in this career for five to eight years one will move up to an aerospace engineer IV where the yearly salary is $98,630. Three years later and the final promotion comes, an aerospace engineer V. At this level the annual take home pay is $119,993 in one year (1. salary. com). As an aerospace engineer I-V, one will design and supervise the construction of aircrafts and the parts that make these monsters.These engineers will be given the task to analyze results of stress tests on various aircraft and missile parts and conduct research to determine flight characteristics. As a level one engineer, one will rely on instructions and pre-established guidelines to perform the functions of the job, and can plan on working under immediate supervision. Level two engineers will rely on limited experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals, and perform a variety of tasks while working under general supervision.As a level three engineer, one will rely on experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals while performing a variety of complicated tasks. As a l evel four and five, engineers will rely on extensive experience and judgment to plan and accomplish goals and perform a variety of tasks, and now get to lead and direct the work of others as a reward for all the hard work put in through out the years (1. salary. com). Sciencebuddies. org says that most aerospace engineers work in office buildings, laboratories, or plants, but not all work indoors.Some may work outdoors at construction or test sites monitoring or directing operations. Other engineers spend countless hours away from home traveling from worksite to worksite all around the world overseeing the production of things or having to fix problems. Many engineers work forty hour weeks, but sometimes deadlines on a project will force them to work longer hours in order to get the project done on time. When students are in college, or fresh out of college, and do not have a job or any extra money, one solution would be doing an internship.Internships will often offer several thous and dollars to be used for education related expenses, or just to spend however the intern wishes. Students that are planning to go into aerospace engineering can do internships with related companies such as NASA, Boeing, and Lockheed. Such companies would love to have a young adult come in and start learning the way things are done, knowing that some of the best workers are going to be leaving and are in need of people to take these veterans’ place.Perhaps the greatest benefit of the aerospace industry for professionals is in terms of annual salary. Aerospace engineers, for example, make $92,000 annually on average. This salary is the base salary for engineers, with many companies providing profit sharing and other plans that bring the annual salary up. Another important benefit for aerospace professionals of all types is the basic health, dental, and vision benefits. Most major aerospace companies provide extensive health and medical benefits, which are investments on the company’s part toward a healthier and more productive workforce.Dental and vision benefits are nice perks for aerospace professionals and those with families can usually include children and spouses on their plans. While salary and basic benefits are great ways for aerospace professionals to offset the stresses of the job, there are a number of other perks that keep talented workers in the industry. Many aerospace companies provide consumer loans to the employees for the purchase of automobiles, condominiums, and other living necessities. Finally, commercial and civilian aerospace companies will often provide airline discounts for workers and immediate families.Finally, there are two mainstays of the aerospace industry which are crucial for professionals to stay at jobs over a long period of time. Most aerospace companies provide paid leave, typically four to six weeks annually, which is meant to give professionals time to unwind and leave the desks or work stations for a lit tle while. As well, a long term human resources investment for these companies comes with the pension program. Aerospace companies will often match a certain level of employee contributions in order to keep skilled workers from leaving for jobs with rival companies.Works Cited Page â€Å"Aerospace Engineering — Britannica Online Encyclopedia. † Encyclopedia – Britannica Online Encyclopedia. Ed. Kaydon A. Stanzione. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Aeronautical Engineer: Educational Requirements. † Research Schools, Online Courses, Degrees and Careers at Education Portal. Web. 20 Nov. 2011. . â€Å"Engineer Salary – How Much Do Engineers

The Brain Essays - Motor System, Neuroanatomy, Brainstem

The Brain Essays - Motor System, Neuroanatomy, Brainstem The Brain A.M.D.G 27th October 1996 The Brain By Manuel Socarrs In the central nervous system of animals, the brain is a segregated group of nerve cells, or neurones, within the cranium, or skull, in vertebrates, and within the head segment in lower forms of animals. The brain varies in size and complexity from rudimentary ganglia (a group of nerve-cell bodies) in the central nervous systems of primitive worms to the large and complex human brain. As the central control organ of the body, the brain governs the functioning of the body's other organs. Sensory nerve cells feed external and internal information from all parts of the body to the brain. At least four medical subspecialties have a primary concern with the human brain: neurology, psychobiology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry. The average human brain at birth weighs 390 g (14 oz); its average maximum weight, reached at age 15, is 1,315 g (46 oz). The total number of neurones in the human brain is approximately 10 billion. In contrast, the brain of a whale may weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb.), four times as much as a human brain, and the brain of a grasshopper contains no more than a few thousand neurones. A theory has been proposed which states that behavioural capacity, a broad term indicating intelligence, is related not to the size of brain but to the index of cephalisationthe amount of brain tissue in excess of that required for transmitting impulses to and from the brain. Studies have shown that a progressive evolutionary encephalisation relative to body size occurs in vertebrates and culminates in humans. Of equal importance to encephalisation has been the evolutionary development of the human forebrain, a greatly expanded and convoluted mantle containing neuronal centres necessary for understanding and producing language, for conceptualisation and abstraction, for judgement, and for the capacity of humans to contemplate and influence their lives. ANATOMY AND FUNCTION Localisation of function is defined by two investigative techniques: ablation and stimulation. Ablation, the removal of a small area of the brain, may result in a neurological deficit that is considered in terms of a lost function, one that is assigned to the area of the brain that was ablated. In humans, correlation of the indications of brain dysfunction during life with lesions of the brain found at autopsy has added greatly to the Human Brain The human brain has three major structural components: the large dome-shaped cerebrum (top), the smaller somewhat spherical cerebellum (lower right), and the brainstem (centre). Prominent in the brainstem are the medulla oblongata (the egg-shaped enlargement at centre); and the thalamus (between the medulla and the cerebrum). The cerebrum is responsible for intelligence and reasoning. The cerebellum helps to maintain balance and posture. The medulla is involved in maintaining involuntary functions such as respiration, and the thalamus acts as a relay centre for electrical impulses travelling to and from the cerebral cortex. knowledge of localised functions. Movements and sensations can be produced in conscious humans by stimulating the brain electrically in appropriate areas. A portion of the skull may be removed (a craniotomy) under local anaesthesia, giving access to the brain in a conscious patient. Gray and white matter may be cut, stimulated, or cauterised without the patient experiencing pain. Apparently no nerve endings sensitive to pain exist within the brain substance. Large blood vessels supplying the brain and certain sensory nerves attached to the brain stem are pain sensitive. Brain Stem The most notable structures of the adult human brain are the brain stem, the cerebellum, and the cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres). The lowest, or most caudal, portion of the brain stem, the medulla oblongata, is continuous with the spinal cord. Above it, the pons bulges prominently and is continuous with the midbrain, into which the cerebral peduncles (stem-like connections) extend. The cerebral peduncles carry upper motor neurone fibres that originate in the cerebral cortex to the cell bodies of cranial nerves in the brain stem and to cells in the spinal cord, called lower motor neurones, which cause certain muscles to move. The brain stem contains all afferent and efferent nerve fibres between the spinal cord and the higher brain centres. Some upper motor neurone fibres cross in the brain stem, whereas others do not. Most cranial

Change Management in Mobinil Essays

Change Management in Mobinil Essays Change Management in Mobinil Essay Change Management in Mobinil Essay The aim of this project is to present and analyze Organization development that take place in Mobinil 3 years ago First, We will start with an introduction about Mobinil on which we will describe Mobinil mission and vision as well as Mobinil’s 5 brand values (seek excellence – friendly – dynamic simple -human)ending by the Mobinil code of conduct. In the second part, will describe why the organization needs change. While in the third part , we will describe the planned model of change starting by entering and contracting with one of the famous consulting group in the work â€Å"capgemini† , then the practitioners start to make the environmental analysis for Mobinil as a company before making a SWOT analysis for the HR department describing the main strength, weakness, opportunities and threats for the HR in Mobinil, then making the diagnosis for the HR department on which we will focus on the coming pages. The consultant then put the proposal for how the HR department should be. we will discuss Mobinil Hr department in terms of: Mobinil HR mission Mobinil HR commitment Mobinil HR strategies Mobinil HR role and objectives Mobinil HR organization chart Mobinil HR activities guidelines And finally ending by evaluating the current change. 2-INTRODUCTION Since its inception in May 1998, Mobinil has strived to maintain its position as the leading Mobile service operator in Egypt. Honoring the trust of more than 25 million customers, Mobinil is committed to being the leading Mobile service provider in Egypt, providing the best quality service for our customers, the best working environment for our employees, top value for our shareholders, and proudly contributing to the development of the community. Mobinil shareholders, Orange and Orascom Telecom Holding are international leaders in the realm of telecommunication. Mobinil has benefited from years of experience in an international context to become the largest wireless service provider in the Middle East. Over the past ten years, Mobinil has delivered on its promise to millions of customers, whose confidence in the reliability of our services has reinforced this solid leadership position. This confidence was reaffirmed in a recent nationwide survey by the National Telecommunications Regulatory Authority [NTRA], where Mobinil customers reported over 97% satisfaction rate in the products, services, and customer service levels offered during 2007 Mobinil is committed to provide the best working environment for over 2000 employees. Mobinil offers an open, challenging and dynamic environment with opportunities of growth not to be found by any other employer in the region. When you are reaching for excellence, you have to build a foundation of excellence. Mobinil’s well-trained and highly skilled employees experience the challenge of working in the most dynamic global industry mobile communications. Vision â€Å"To be part of peoples daily lives by providing reliable and simple products and services that help people interact and communicate better† Mission To maintain our position as the leading mobile service provider in Egypt, providing the best quality service to our customers, the best working environment for our employees, top value for our shareholders and proudly contributing to the development of our community â€Å" Mobinil 5 brand values Mobinil is a reflection of our desire to be part of peoples daily lives. The way we do things internally impacts our services and customers. Mobinil val ues do not only reflect Mobinil identity, but also shape our corporate culture. Seek Excellence Our passion to excel makes our customers at the heart of our business, offering them the best services and the best value for money. We work professionally, push for quality, value loyalty and never settle for anything less. We adopt the highest standards of service to each and every customer, internally or externally. We continuously advance our professional knowledge and capabilities to maintain the competence required to provide top-quality results. Friendly We enjoy working and succeeding together by building good working relationships in a friendly and positive work environment. We enjoy serving our customers and we are delighted when we make them happy and satisfied. We treat everyone with the respect and dignity we desire for ourselves. Dynamic We are passionate about our business and we are committed to meeting the changing needs of our customers. We are trend-setters in everything we do and we work passionately to bring the future to the hands of our customers in a fast-moving, high-tech telecommunications market Simple We communicate with clarity and simplicity. We are always straightforward and easy to understand. We satisfy our customers in the most simple and convenient style. We are committed to ensuring utmost efficiency in all our processes, to ensure we work smoothly and effectively. We say simply and clearly what we do and we ensure that we do what we say Human We genuinely believe in our role to help create a brighter reality for our community. We are proud to be a responsible corporate citizen caring for the public good. The aim of our Corporate Social Responsibility programs is to give back to our community, provide a sense of hope, and bring out our humane side We have a responsibility to balance the needs of our stakeholders as well as meeting our social, ethical and environmental obligations. Corporate responsibility is an integral part of our strategic planning and daily activities. Code of conduct The code of conducts outlines the share set of values that should guide each and every Mobinil employees at any level, from the most junior to the most senior, in their day-to-day work and conduct. This set of values should be adopted individually by employees and collectively by teams, departments, and the company as a whole, Mobinil values are based on human values as devotion to service , honesty, trust cooperation, transparency, respect and tolerance . See appendix (1) for more Details 3- WHY THE COMPANY NEEDED CHANGE In the latest quarter reviews, top management realized that revenues are decreasing and that they are rapidly losing market share to the competition. Competition was found to be greater innovators and having a faster new product to market cycle. In addition, NTRA, the governmental authority controlling the telecom market is putting more pressure on the telecom operators. And finally they realized that the demand of the clients is becoming more sophisticated, and traditional ways of doing business will not allow the company to move further with the same previous rates of growth and success. Accordingly Naguib Sawiris decided that serious change is required. In the general meeting he publicly announced that radical and fundamental change needs to take place. He encouraged all management to Participate In the change process, and at the same time delivered a subtle threatening message to those whom will not get on board the wagon. Mobinil contacted everal OD consultants, and after thorough analysis of the proposals received they decided to go ahead with two reputable OD practitioners: 1- CAPGEMINI 2- Blue Sky We will describe the action taken by the first one focusing on the HR department 4-ENTERING AND CONTRACTING Mobinil has set different criteria to choose the company with which they will do this major step, and they have asked for a technical, financ ial bedding to choose upon the main provider or external OD practitioner. The main intervention was meant in the HR management including a Techno structural Interventions After many meetings, presentation and discussions Capgemini was chosen by Mobinil , they sat with the Mobinil top management to define the main objectives of the change and they agreed that the main objective of the change is turning Mobinil into a competitive advantage in order to compete and generate more revenue to achieve the main vision and mission for the company . They put a time limit of 6 months in order to finish the evaluation of the current status then to discuss it with the top management. Capgemini will get in return about I Million US$ after finishing and implementing the change process. 5-DIAGNOSIS Capgemini started the diagnosis with 2 steps: * First : PESTAL or environment analysis for the forces affecting Mobinil operation * Second: understanding how Mobinil is currently functioning and providing the information necessary to design change interventions focusing on the HR Department A- PESTAL Analysis On the PESTAL analysis, we will describe all environmental forces affecting Mobinil operations as a leading mobile network Competitive Forces : Currently Vodafone and Etisalat represent the major competitors for Mobinil in the mobile operator services. Vodafone is one of the world’s leading Operator Companies, offering an extensive range of service, including voice and data. Established in 2000 in Egypt with a very good network efficiency perception, Vodafone always reacts towards its competitors in terms of offers and services, rarely though does it make its own offers, yet when it does make its own offers they are usually very attractive. Etisalat is the newest operator in the Egyptian market, with a perception of changing the market competition. In addition, it’s the first operator in Egypt providing 3G network with all its application from high data speed and video calling. It seems that no other major competitors will appear in the future; in spite of the existance of telecom Egypt (fixed phone), different internet providers and main mobile retails could be to some extent competitors but each in its own market. * Economic Forces : Egypt is considered one of the developing countries. Egyptian economic indicators are as below -Gross Domestic Product = $142. 8billion GDP per capital = $ 1,870 Real GDP Growth (%) = 3. 2 Share of Private Sector in GDP= 62. 5 billion Unemployment (%) = 10. 6 Inflation rate = 23 % These indicators will drive all mobile operators working in Egypt to offer the lowest price in order to match with the bad economic conditions as most of Egyptian population are pessimistic although mobiles represents one of the luxury and Self-actualization needs. Most of the Egyptian population has a week buying power meanwhile; they have a high spending pattern for mobiles * political forces From 1981, there wasn’t any change in the political environment except some fluctuations between the opposition parties, but with no obvious effect on the political life in Egypt Egypt is currently overhauling its political and democratic systems with the purpose of deepening democracy, promoting freedoms, upholding law and advocating respect of human rights * legal and regulatory forces Pursuant to Law No. 0/2003, the NTRA (National Telecom Regulatory Authority) is in charge of monitoring and protecting competition policy in the Telecom market. Accordingly the NTRA sets the limits for free competition, which if exceeded will result in the occurrence of monopolistic practices in any of the fields regulated by Law. A general framework for free competition policy is issued by NTRA to determine the policy to be followed to ensure a free competitive a nd liberalized environment. * Technological forces Due to the high technological development, mobile technology has developed during the last decade from 2G to 2. G and currently all operators are using the 3G technology with all its parents 3. 5 and 3. 75. Moreover, all operators are now using different software programs in order to have a CRM System. * Socio-Cultural forces With a population exceeding 80 Millions, living on 1 Million square kilometers; Egyptian population is distributed between 43% urban and 57% rural. Egyptian population is divided into different segments in terms of demographical aspects. Demographic indicators show that 58% of the population is under 25, allowing for a better opportunity for consumption. On the other hand, indictors show that adult literacy rate is 57%. Over the years, studies have proven that the Egyptian society is a consumption-driven more than being a production-driven society. For millennia, Egypt maintained a strikingly complex and stable culture. B-Understanding the HR Department CAPgemini made a one to one interview with every staff member, supervisor, manager, and even department head in order to know the daily operations, current process, and provide suggestions for change . After gathering data for over 3 months, they found the below points:- * Lack of alignment within the different departments, and lack of buy-in of the department heads and accordingly with the associates for the overall vision of the company * Telecom industry is a very dynamic field that needs a fast track HR management to bring onboard the best in class employees to enable the growth of the company. This vision was not there in Mobinil as the HR lacked focus, and activities ended up being handled by one person. Lack of clear HR objectives that meet the employee’s expectations; hence employee satisfaction was low, causing a high turnover rate. * Recruitment was influenced by personal relations, creating frustration and lack of trust among employees. These personal relations also spilled over into the evaluation and compensation systems. * From the above, the promotion and bonus criteria and metrics were not clearly stated nor communicated to employees, creating high frustratio n and low morale. * Lack of planning and job forecasting for the full time employees needed on the short and long term basis. No benchmark for the salaries and compensations between Mobinil and the market, creating a large gap between the pay in Mobinil and its competitors. * All training taking place in Mobinil was ad-hoc, with no clear planning or career path development goals. 6- PLANNING AND IMPLEMENTING CHANGE after finishing the diagnosis, Capgemini suggested that the HR department must have a clear mission and objectives. On the next few papers, we will elaborate all the suggestion about HR department in Mobinil done by capgemini HR Mission To foster a challenging, productive, fair, firm and ethical work environment, in which all employee thrive, by offering the best human resources service possible â€Å" HR Commitment to Mobinil employees Mobinil believes that their employees are the most valued asset. Mobinil ability to succeed depends on the integrity, knowledge, skills, diversity, and teamwork of their employees. They are shaping a challenging, fair, firm, and productive work environment, which emphasizes mutual respect and teamwork. They strive to reward high performance and we promise to be responsive to the needs of their employees. The company is committed to providing equitable compensation, excellent working conditions, and a fair atmosphere with great opportunities for professional growth. Equal employment opportunity Mobinil is an equal opportunity employer and we pride ourselves with the Equal Employment Opportunity policy (EEO). All employment applications are considered without regard to age, gender, religion, disability, or marital status. Tolerance and Diversity Mobinil respect others; tolerate differences; and believe in the power of diversity. They strive to create a culture where tolerance and respect exist between employees. The diversity of people brings strength to Mobinil team. Regardless of their differences in backgrounds, roles, age, gender, religion, or physical ability, they all bring value to the company through our work. They shall tolerate and respect our diversity and differences and treat each other fairly. Respect for people They should respect each and every person we interact with during our business dealings including customers, employees, suppliers, and all parties that have a business relationship with the company. They should consistently treat others with the respect and dignity which we desire for ourselves. The company operates a defined contribution pension plan for its employees, in addition to the statutory insurance scheme required by law. Employees who choose to subscribe to this plan pay 3% of their basis salary into the plan. The company will contributes an amount equal to 10 % of the employee’s basic salary to the plan The company has no liabilities or commitment to the plan beyond its defined contribution . employee who leaves through resignation or retirement receive their entitlements for the pension plan according to its terms based on year of services 4- Performance evaluation management: In order to Maintain and enhance growth and development of Mobinil employees. The performance of every employee is measured through setting performance objectives â€Å"What Formsâ€Å" and development of competencies â€Å"how Forms â€Å" What Form: responsible for measuring individual objectives as well as department objectives and its impact on the yearly profit share. KPI’s are set by the head of each department to be approved by HR How Form: responsible for measuring the individual development and its impact on the annual increase of the basic salary. KPI’s are set by HR department 7-EVALUATION AND INSTITULIZATION OF MOBINIL HR DEPARTMENT The evaluation was done in 2 steps: First: Evaluation analysis done by capgemini after the intervention Second: employees online survey to asses the new change of HR First: Evaluation analysis * Strength a well known mission and strategy for the HR department * appropriate management style giving employees a chance to express their point of view * appropriate organizational structure that facilitates k nowledge * a powerful training program * good motivation tools * weakness * late promotion due to setting a maximum of 8% annually of Mobinil staff to be promoted * no formal declaration for the dividends distribution * doesn’t put into its plan the development of second line responsible * no replacements for the people who resign * Depending on a lot of contactors especially in sales and customer services. * the severe intervention in every single detail, even in the operations * opportunities * very good opportunities for growth * very good reputation in the market, which facilitate the recruitment for caliber and a lot of fresh graduates * threats the appearance of Etisalat with its strategies for hunting the calibers in Mobinil * the existing of a lot of old staff whom transfered from Egypt telecom with minor management skills * incapable to compete with the new packages in the telecommunication market * Weak retention plan for resigned staff. * the composition of the compensation committee with 2 members only without putting any solution in case of conflict Second: Employees survey After the announcement of the new change and the importance of it in order to increase Mobinil performance and efficiency; a survey was uploaded on Mobinil intranet to ask people about their perception of the change . The results were unexpected as it showed the following: the new change increased the staff moral as they feel that the company can compete in the new market which affected their productivity and loyalty * they showed understanding for the need of change and gave full support, and they felt that this change was made not only for the shareholder but for the sake of all Mobinil members and stake holders * the change increased the companies transparency in terms of hiring, promotion, compensation package and profit share distribution * the change lead to increase in market share becoming the lea ding company in Egypt and helped increase the staff moral which was reflected in their productivity and efficiency. the survey showed that the new job descriptions helped to minimize the time for searching who is responsible for what as it contained clear responsibilities and authorities for every one working in the HR department * creating the new mission and commitment for HR department helped to achieve the companies over all mission and vision * A new culture has been created among all departments that the HR department has changed for their benefit not against them, as the previous culture before the change, and it increased inter and intra departmental communication 8-Conclusion After all of the above mentioned steps and details of the project that has been implemented, it was very clear that the change was really needed and felt in the organization. Despite the fact that many of the old stuff were very much resisting to the change especially that those people was with the owner hand in hand to build this giant organization, yet the top management was clear enough from the beginning and cascade the message clear that this change should happen and everyone should adhere to the recommendation done by the consultancy. As Mobinil noticed the importance of such a step, they were very cautious in choosing the OD practitioners , they set a clear criteria to chose among them. And they have set a good budget to be invested in such a step. Later on a clear contract and agreement with the OD practitioner was made that serves to make sure that both parties was clear in terms of expectations, resources, time and outcome of the project. That was a core stone to smooth on the whole process later on. The diagnostic phase which was a critical one took 30% of the time where the OD practitioner has meet with almost all the HR staff and the top management to make sure that they have got all the need information, unbiased and direct to serve the purpose of the project. Along with the analysis of the data collected was taken care by the company and they have came to the recommendation to the top management. Here the role of the communication was clear to cascade it to the key stakeholders, they buy in was critical and in manay cases they threaten them. The intervention was partially general standard models and part was tailored for Mobinil and it was focusing on the HR management and the technostrutural interventions. After the implementation majority of the stakeholders and people affected by the project, which happen to be almost all the employees has really touched the importance of taking such an important step and it is really affecting positively their lives and their day to day life. Now we can say that they major initiative has helped Mobinil to maintain its leadership position in the market, it has decreased the turnover of the employees from more than 27% to now less than 10% after the implementation by 8 months. Now the HR is one of the successful departments in the organization and it is well known in the market to be one of the very effective departments in the whole market. That is really the role of the big giant company to educate the market and here is Mobinil playing this role and taking advantage of being the first mover. End of document